Armenia - NHDR 1999

		HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPORT ARMENIA 1999 FIVE YEARS OF HUMAN DEVELOPMENT IN ARMENIA
armenian
Start		Chapters	Bibliography	Annexes

Forward by Robert Kocharyan, President of the RA

Preface by Katica Cekalovich, UN Res. Coordinator, UNDP ResRep

Acknowledgments

Executive Summary

Basic facts about the RA

Chapter 1
Trasition period: Short or long term prospects for Armenia?

Chapter 2
The social cost of reforms

Chapter 3
Social cohension and cooperation

Chapter 4
The state - an impetus to development

Chapter 5
Prospects for sustainable human development

1.1 Transition period: Initial Conditions

1.2 Political Results of the Transition Period

1.3 Economic Results of the Transition Period

1.4 Conclusions and Recommendations

Boxes
1.1 Consequences fo Economic Policy Pursued in the Transition Period

1.2 Chronology of the Main Econimic Reforms of the Transition Period

1.3 Duration of the Transition Period

1.4 The Banking and Taxation Systems in Armenia

Figures
1.1 The state in the transition period

1.2 GDP dynamics in RA (GDP of the year of 1989 is assumed as equal to 100%)

1.3 The Real GDP level in 1977 - 1999 against 1989 (in percents)

1.4 The RA Foreign Trade Dynamics (as percentage of GDP)

Tables
1.1 The RA Foreign Debt Dynamics (as of the end of the year)

2.1 Social Consequences of the Transition Period

2.2 Reforms in the Social Sphere

2.3 Description of Poverty and Impoverishment

2.4 Possible ways of relieving the social cost of transition. Conclusions and Recommendations

Boxes
2.1 The Unemployment Rate in Marzes

2.2 Housing Problems in the Earthquake Zone and Their Possible Solutions

Figures
2.1 Dynamics of the Average Annual Rate of Registered Unemployement (as % of EAP)

2.2 Classification of Poverty

Tables
2.1 The Ratio of Food Expenditures in MSB

2.2 Classification of Families according to Average per Capita Income

3.1 From Social Cohension to Discord

3.2 Integration of Socially Vulnerable Groups

3.3 Interaction of the State, Civil Society and Private Sector

3.4 From Totalitarianism to Social Partnership

3.5 Conclusions and Recommendations

Boxes
3.1 Value Bases of Social Cohension and Cooperation

3.2 Trade Unions

3.3 The National Gender Program of Armenia

3.4 Diaspora-Armenia Relations in Terms of Social Cooperation

3.5 The Armenian Apostolic Church as a Promoter of Social Cooperation

Figures
3.1 Functioning of Civil Society in Armenia

3.2 Cooperation in the Private Sector

3.3 Steps Aimed at Achieving Social Cooperation

Tables
3.1 The State as an Equal Partner

4.1 Establishment and Observance of Legitimacy

4.2 State-Limiting Activities

4.3 Sate Activities

4.4 Integration of Armenia into International Organizations and Regional Programs

4.5 Globalization and its Effects in Armenia

4.6 Ecological Problems: Current Situation and Solutions

4.7 Dynamics and Efficiency of the State's Institutional, Administrative, Technical and Political Capabilities

4.8 Conclusions and Recommendations

Boxes
4.1 Armenia within the Silk Route Program

Tables
4.1 Loan Spending Efficiency

4.2 Summary of National Assembly Proportional Vote Results

4.3 NA Members Elected by Proportional Vote (by parisanship)

4.4 NA Members Elected by Proportional Vote (by profession)

4.5 Number of Schoolteachers in Armenia by Educational Level

5.1 Comprehensive Investment and Economic Development Strategy, Investments in Human Capital

5.2 The Analysis of the RA Environmental and Economic Development Options in View of Sustainable Human Development

5.3 Sustainabale Human Development or Sustainable Human Conditions (alternative view)

5.4 The Transition Period and Possible Prospects for Sustainable Human Development: Conclusions and Recommendations

Boxes
5.1 Expenditure for Human Capital

5.2 Armenia on the SHD track

Figures
5.1 Functioning of Civil Society in Armenia

5.2 Cooperation in the Private Sector

5.3 Steps Aimed at Achieving Social Cooperation

Annex 1
Statistical Tables

Annex 2
The Human Development Index

Annex 3
Evolution in Approaches to Development

17. Military Expenditures and resource use imbalance

18. Resource Inflow

19. Growing Urbanization

20. Population Trends

21. Profile of Environmental Degradation

23. National Income Accounts

24. Trends in Economic Performance

25. Health Profile

26. Profile of People in Work

28. Unemployment

29. Social Stress and Social Change

30. Financial Resource Inflows and Outflows

31. Growing Urbanization

32. Managing the Environment

1. Human Development Index

2. Gender related Human Development Index

3. Gender Empowerment Measure

4. Trends in Human Development and per Capita Income

5. Trends in Human Development and Economic Growth

6. Trends in Human Development

7. Trends in Human Development

8. Women's Access to Education

9. Women's Participation in Economic and Political Life

10. Health Profile

11. Child Survival and Development

12. Food Security

13. Education Imbalances

14. Profile of People in Work

15. Access to Information and Communication

16. Investments in Social Sphere

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Chapter 1

1. Human Development Report 1993, New York, Oxford University Press

2. Transition Economies Report 1996 - 1998, EBRD

3. World Development Report 1998-1999, WB

4. Transition Economies Report 1998, "Financial Sphere in Transition", EBRD

5. The Program of Activities of RA Government, Hayastani Hanrapetutiun, daily, June 23

6. Data of MSSRA on Balance of Payments, 1998

7. Data of the Department of External Debt Management, Ministry of Finance

Chapter 2

1. The Survey of 1100 Joint-ventures and Foreign Enterprises, 1998, MSSRA

2. World Development Report 1998-1999, WB

3. Human Development Report Armenia 1997-1998, UNDP, p. 49

4. The Migration Survey in RA by the UN order, 1996

5. The Survey of Migration Behaviour of the Population of RA by the UN order, 1996

6. Economic Trends. Armenia, quarterly publication, October-December, Yerevan, 1998

7. Random Survey of 5000 Households (November-December 1996) by MSSRA with the financial and technical assistance of the WB

8. The Survey of Poverty, Armenia

9. The Survey of Pauperism and the Social Assistance, Armenia

10. The concept of food providence policy in Armenia, 1988

Chapter 3

1. The Sociology of Policy. Socio-Logos. P. Burdie, Moscow, 1993

2. Changing Society: Risky Groups. Journal, 1998, itom 1-2

3. Democracy in the Multi-Layer Societies. A. Leiphart, Moscow, 1997

4. Pye. L.W. The Non-Western Political Process /Journal of Politics 20. N 3

5. The System of Modern Societies. T. Parsons. Aspect Press. Moscow, 1998

6. Social work: Theory and Practice. Yerevan State University Press, 1995

7. The Limits of Power. Annex to the " XX Century and the World" Journal, N1-4,1994

8. The Modern West Sociology. Dictionary, Moscow 1990, articles: Anomie (p. 17-18), Social Atomization (p. 26-27), Social Integration (p.120-121), Consensus (p. 134-135), Social Cohesion (p. 314-315)

Chapter 5

1. Bartelmus, 1995, World Bank 1995, United Nations, 1997

2. "The Specifics and the Phases of Economic Reforms in Armenia in 1991-1998", statistical overview, MSSRA, Yerevan, 1999

3. Economic Reforms in Transition. Theory and Practice, Yerevan, "Civil Servant", 1999, p. 50

4. "Entreuprenership and Investment. Current problems in Armenia." M. Melkumian, "Luis" Publishing House, Yerevan, 1998, p. 340

5. Human Development Report, UNDP 1996, Oxford University Press, p. 68

6. The Development of Resource Utilization and Ecological Crises, D. Liuri Moscow, Russian Academy of Science, 1997

7. The Concept of Sustainable Human Development: Theory and Practice, K. Danielian, Yerevan, UNDP, 1996

8. The Problems of Existence in Armenia from Sustainable Human Development Perspectives, K. Danielian, Yerevan, the Armenian Center of National and International Studies, 1995

9. Managing Sustainable Development, M. Tring, is cited by M. Carly, J. Christie, London, 1993

10. Final Declaration of Regional Consultations on Sustainable Development for the New Independent States (NIS). Moscow, September 24-26, 1998

11. Ecology+Economy=Sustainable Development, A. Jablokov. "On the Way to Sustainable Development in Russia" Journal, N1, 1997

12. "Agrobiodiversity preservation in Armenia" Project, UNDP, Ministry of Environment of RA, Yerevan, 1999

13. A Verdict of "Science- Production" Republican Conference, Yerevan, National Academy of Science of RA, 25 June, 1999